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ISACA CCOA Exam Syllabus Topics:

Topic	Details
Topic 1	Cybersecurity Principles and Risk: This section of the exam measures the skills of a Cybersecurity Specialist and covers core cybersecurity principles and risk management strategies. It includes assessing vulnerabilities, threat analysis, and understanding regulatory compliance frameworks. The section emphasizes evaluating risks and applying appropriate measures to mitigate potential threats to organizational assets.
Topic 2	Securing Assets: This section of the exam measures skills of a Cybersecurity Specialist and covers the methods and strategies used to secure organizational assets. It includes topics like endpoint security, data protection, encryption techniques, and securing network infrastructure. The goal is to ensure that sensitive information and resources are properly protected from external and internal threats.
Topic 3	Adversarial Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures: This section of the exam measures the skills of a Cybersecurity Analyst and covers the tactics, techniques, and procedures used by adversaries to compromise systems. It includes identifying methods of attack, such as phishing, malware, and social engineering, and understanding how these techniques can be detected and thwarted.
Topic 4	Incident Detection and Response: This section of the exam measures the skills of a Cybersecurity Analyst and focuses on detecting security incidents and responding appropriately. It includes understanding security monitoring tools, analyzing logs, and identifying indicators of compromise. The section emphasizes how to react to security breaches quickly and efficiently to minimize damage and restore operations.
Topic 5	Technology Essentials: This section of the exam measures skills of a Cybersecurity Specialist and covers the foundational technologies and principles that form the backbone of cybersecurity. It includes topics like hardware and software configurations, network protocols, cloud infrastructure, and essential tools. The focus is on understanding the technical landscape and how these elements interconnect to ensure secure operations.

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ISACA Certified Cybersecurity Operations Analyst Sample Questions (Q94-Q99):

NEW QUESTION # 94
The CISO has received a bulletin from law enforcementauthorities warning that the enterprise may be at risk ofattack from a specific threat actor. Review the bulletin named CCOA Threat Bulletin.pdf on the Desktop.
Which of the following domain name(s) from the CCOAThreat Bulletin.pdf was contacted between 12:10 AMto 12:12 AM (Absolute) on August 17, 2024?

Answer:

Explanation:
See the solution in Explanation.
Explanation:
Step 1: Understand the Objective
Objective:
* Identify thedomain name(s)that werecontactedbetween:
12:10 AM to 12:12 AM on August 17, 2024
* Source of information:
CCOA Threat Bulletin.pdf
* File location:
~/Desktop/CCOA Threat Bulletin.pdf
Step 2: Prepare for Investigation
2.1: Ensure Access to the File
* Check if the PDF exists:
ls ~/Desktop | grep "CCOA Threat Bulletin.pdf"
* Open the file to inspect:
xdg-open ~/Desktop/CCOA Threat Bulletin.pdf
* Alternatively, convert to plain text for easier analysis:
pdftotext ~/Desktop/CCOA Threat Bulletin.pdf ~/Desktop/threat_bulletin.txt cat ~/Desktop/threat_bulletin.txt
2.2: Analyze the Content
* Look for domain names listed in the bulletin.
* Make note ofany domainsorURLsmentioned as IoCs (Indicators of Compromise).
* Example:
suspicious-domain.com
malicious-actor.net
threat-site.xyz
Step 3: Locate Network Logs
3.1: Find the Logs Directory
* The logs could be located in one of the following directories:
/var/log/
/home/administrator/hids/logs/
/var/log/httpd/
/var/log/nginx/
* Navigate to the likely directory:
cd /var/log/
ls -l
* Identify relevant network or DNS logs:
ls -l | grep -E "dns|network|http|nginx"
Step 4: Search Logs for Domain Contacts
4.1: Use the Grep Command to Filter Relevant Timeframe
* Since we are looking for connections between12:10 AM to 12:12 AMonAugust 17, 2024:
grep "2024-08-17 00:1[0-2]" /var/log/dns.log
* Explanation:
* grep "2024-08-17 00:1[0-2]": Matches timestamps between00:10and00:12.
* Replace dns.log with the actual log file name, if different.
4.2: Further Filter for Domain Names
* To specifically filter out the domains listed in the bulletin:
grep -E "(suspicious-domain.com|malicious-actor.net|threat-site.xyz)" /var/log/dns.log
* If the logs are in another file, adjust the file path:
grep -E "(suspicious-domain.com|malicious-actor.net|threat-site.xyz)" /var/log/nginx/access.log Step 5: Correlate Domains and Timeframe
5.1: Extract and Format Relevant Results
* Combine the commands to get time-specific domain hits:
grep "2024-08-17 00:1[0-2]" /var/log/dns.log | grep -E "(suspicious-domain.com|malicious-actor.net|threat- site.xyz)"
* Sample Output:
2024-08-17 00:11:32 suspicious-domain.com accessed by 192.168.1.50
2024-08-17 00:12:01 malicious-actor.net accessed by 192.168.1.75
* Interpretation:
* The command revealswhich domain(s)were contacted during the specified time.
Step 6: Verification and Documentation
6.1: Verify Domain Matches
* Cross-check the domains in the log output against those listed in theCCOA Threat Bulletin.pdf.
* Ensure that the time matches the specified range.
6.2: Save the Results for Reporting
* Save the output to a file:
grep "2024-08-17 00:1[0-2]" /var/log/dns.log | grep -E "(suspicious-domain.com|malicious-actor.net|threat- site.xyz)" > ~/Desktop/domain_hits.txt
* Review the saved file:
cat ~/Desktop/domain_hits.txt
Step 7: Report the Findings
Final Answer:
* Domain(s) Contacted:
* suspicious-domain.com
* malicious-actor.net
* Time of Contact:
* Between 12:10 AM to 12:12 AM on August 17, 2024
* Reasoning:
* Matched thelog timestampsanddomain nameswith the threat bulletin.
Step 8: Recommendations:
* Immediate Block:
* Add the identified domains to theblockliston firewalls and intrusion detection systems.
* Monitor for Further Activity:
* Keep monitoring logs for any further connection attempts to the same domains.
* Perform IOC Scanning:
* Check hosts that communicated with these domains for possible compromise.
* Incident Report:
* Document the findings and mitigation actions in theincident response log.

NEW QUESTION # 95
Question 1 and 2
You have been provided with authentication logs toinvestigate a potential incident. The file is titledwebserver- auth-logs.txt and located in theInvestigations folder on the Desktop.
Which IP address is performing a brute force attack?
What is the total number of successful authenticationsby the IP address performing the brute force attack?

Answer:

Explanation:
See the solution in Explanation:
Explanation:
Step 1: Define the Problem and Objective
Objective:
We need to identify the following from the webserver-auth-logs.txt file:
* TheIP address performing a brute force attack.
* Thetotal number of successful authenticationsmade by that IP.
Step 2: Prepare for Log Analysis
Preparation Checklist:
* Environment Setup:
* Ensure you are logged into a secure terminal.
* Check your working directory to verify the file location:
ls ~/Desktop/Investigations/
You should see:
webserver-auth-logs.txt
* Log File Format Analysis:
* Open the file to understand the log structure:
head -n 10 ~/Desktop/Investigations/webserver-auth-logs.txt
* Look for patterns such as:
pg
2025-04-07 12:34:56 login attempt from 192.168.1.1 - SUCCESS
2025-04-07 12:35:00 login attempt from 192.168.1.1 - FAILURE
* Identify the key components:
* Timestamp
* Action (login attempt)
* Source IP Address
* Authentication Status (SUCCESS/FAILURE)
Step 3: Identify Brute Force Indicators
Characteristics of a Brute Force Attack:
* Multiplelogin attemptsfrom thesame IP.
* Combination ofFAILUREandSUCCESSmessages.
* High volumeof attempts compared to other IPs.
Step 3.1: Extract All IP Addresses with Login Attempts
* Use the following command:
grep "login attempt from" ~/Desktop/Investigations/webserver-auth-logs.txt | awk '{print $6}' | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr > brute-force-ips.txt
* Explanation:
* grep "login attempt from": Finds all login attempt lines.
* awk '{print $6}': Extracts IP addresses.
* sort | uniq -c: Groups and counts IP occurrences.
* sort -nr: Sorts counts in descending order.
* > brute-force-ips.txt: Saves the output to a file for documentation.
Step 3.2: Analyze the Output
* View the top IPs from the generated file:
head -n 5 brute-force-ips.txt
* Expected Output:
1500 192.168.1.1
45 192.168.1.2
30 192.168.1.3
* Interpretation:
* The first line shows 192.168.1.1 with 1500 attempts, indicating brute force.
Step 4: Count Successful Authentications
Why Count Successful Logins?
* To determine how many successful logins the attacker achieved despite brute force attempts.
Step 4.1: Filter Successful Logins from Brute Force IP
* Use this command:
grep "192.168.1.1" ~/Desktop/Investigations/webserver-auth-logs.txt | grep "SUCCESS" | wc -l
* Explanation:
* grep "192.168.1.1": Filters lines containing the brute force IP.
* grep "SUCCESS": Further filters successful attempts.
* wc -l: Counts the resulting lines.
Step 4.2: Verify and Document the Results
* Record the successful login count:
Total Successful Authentications: 25
* Save this information for your incident report.
Step 5: Incident Documentation and Reporting
5.1: Summary of Findings
* IP Performing Brute Force Attack:192.168.1.1
* Total Number of Successful Authentications:25
5.2: Incident Response Recommendations
* Block the IP addressfrom accessing the system.
* Implementrate-limiting and account lockout policies.
* Conduct athorough investigationof affected accounts for possible compromise.
Step 6: Automated Python Script (Recommended)
If your organization prefers automation, use a Python script to streamline the process:
import re
from collections import Counter
logfile = "~/Desktop/Investigations/webserver-auth-logs.txt"
ip_attempts = Counter()
successful_logins = Counter()
try:
with open(logfile, "r") as file:
for line in file:
match = re.search(r"from (d+.d+.d+.d+)", line)
if match:
ip = match.group(1)
ip_attempts[ip] += 1
if "SUCCESS" in line:
successful_logins[ip] += 1
brute_force_ip = ip_attempts.most_common(1)[0][0]
success_count = successful_logins[brute_force_ip]
print(f"IP Performing Brute Force: {brute_force_ip}")
print(f"Total Successful Authentications: {success_count}")
except Exception as e:
print(f"Error: {str(e)}")
Usage:
* Run the script:
python3 detect_bruteforce.py
* Output:
IP Performing Brute Force: 192.168.1.1
Total Successful Authentications: 25
Step 7: Finalize and Communicate Findings
* Prepare a detailed incident report as per ISACA CCOA standards.
* Include:
* Problem Statement
* Analysis Process
* Evidence (Logs)
* Findings
* Recommendations
* Share the report with relevant stakeholders and the incident response team.
Final Answer:
* Brute Force IP:192.168.1.1
* Total Successful Authentications:25

NEW QUESTION # 96
The Platform as a Service (PaaS) model is often used to support which of the following?

A. Efficient application development and management
B. Subscription-based pay peruse applications
C. Control over physical equipment running application developed In-house
D. Local on-premise management of products and services

Answer: A

Explanation:
The Platform as a Service (PaaS) model is primarily designed to provide a platform that supports the development, testing, deployment, and management of applications without the complexity of building and maintaining the underlying infrastructure. It offers developers a comprehensive environment with tools and libraries for application development, database management, and more.
* PaaS solutions typically include development frameworks, application hosting, version control, and integration capabilities.
* It abstracts the hardware and operating system layer, allowing developers to focus solely on building applications.
* PaaS is typically used for creating and managing web or mobile applications efficiently.
Incorrect Options:
* B. Local on-premise management of products and services:PaaS is a cloud-based model, not on- premise.
* C. Subscription-based pay per use applications:This characteristic aligns more with the Software as a Service (SaaS) model.
* D. Control over physical equipment running application developed In-house:This corresponds to Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) rather than PaaS.
Exact Extract from CCOA Official Review Manual, 1st Edition:
Refer to Chapter 3, Section "Cloud Service Models", Subsection "Platform as a Service (PaaS)" - PaaS is designed to facilitate efficient application development and management by offering integrated environments for application lifecycle management.

NEW QUESTION # 97
Which of the following is the PRIMARY benefit of a cybersecurity risk management program?

A. implementation of effective controls
B. Identification of data protection processes
C. Alignment with Industry standards
D. Reduction of compliance requirements

Answer: A

Explanation:
The primary benefit of a cybersecurity risk management program is theimplementation of effective controls to reduce the risk of cyber threats and vulnerabilities.
* Risk Identification and Assessment:The program identifies risks to the organization, including threats and vulnerabilities.
* Control Implementation:Based on the identified risks, appropriate security controls are put in place to mitigate them.
* Ongoing Monitoring:Ensures that implemented controls remain effective and adapt to evolving threats.
* Strategic Alignment:Helps align cybersecurity practices with organizational objectives and risk tolerance.
Incorrect Options:
* A. Identification of data protection processes:While important, it is a secondary outcome.
* B. Reduction of compliance requirements:A risk management program does not inherently reduce compliance needs.
* C. Alignment with Industry standards:This is a potential benefit but not the primary one.
Exact Extract from CCOA Official Review Manual, 1st Edition:
Refer to Chapter 1, Section "Risk Management and Security Programs" - Effective risk management leads to the development and implementation of robust controls tailored to identified risks.

NEW QUESTION # 98
The CISO has received a bulletin from law enforcementauthorities warning that the enterprise may be at risk ofattack from a specific threat actor. Review the bulletin named CCOA Threat Bulletin.pdf on the Desktop.
Which host IP was targeted during the following timeframe: 11:39 PM to 11:43 PM (Absolute) on August
16,2024?

Answer:

Explanation:
See the solution in Explanation.
Explanation:
Step 1: Understand the Task and Objective
Objective:
* Identify thehost IP targetedduring thespecified time frame:
vbnet
11:39 PM to 11:43 PM on August 16, 2024
* The relevant file to examine:
nginx
CCOA Threat Bulletin.pdf
* File location:
javascript
~/Desktop/CCOA Threat Bulletin.pdf
Step 2: Access and Analyze the Bulletin
2.1: Access the PDF File
* Open the file using a PDF reader:
xdg-open ~/Desktop/CCOA Threat Bulletin.pdf
* Alternative (if using CLI-based tools):
pdftotext ~/Desktop/CCOA Threat Bulletin.pdf - | less
* This command converts the PDF to text and allows you to inspect the content.
2.2: Review the Bulletin Contents
* Focus on:
* Specific dates and times mentioned.
* Indicators of Compromise (IoCs), such asIP addressesortimestamps.
* Any references toAugust 16, 2024, particularly between11:39 PM and 11:43 PM.
Step 3: Search for Relevant Logs
3.1: Locate the Logs
* Logs are likely stored in a central logging server or SIEM.
* Common directories to check:
swift
/var/log/
/home/administrator/hids/logs/
/var/log/auth.log
/var/log/syslog
* Navigate to the primary logs directory:
cd /var/log/
ls -l
3.2: Search for Logs Matching the Date and Time
* Use the grep command to filter relevant logs:
grep "2024-08-16 23:3[9-9]|2024-08-16 23:4[0-3]" /var/log/syslog
* Explanation:
* grep: Searches for the timestamp pattern in the log file.
* "2024-08-16 23:3[9-9]|2024-08-16 23:4[0-3]": Matches timestamps from11:39 PM to 11:43 PM.
Alternative Command:
If log files are split by date:
grep "23:3[9-9]|23:4[0-3]" /var/log/syslog.1
Step 4: Filter the Targeted Host IP
4.1: Extract IP Addresses
* After filtering the logs, isolate the IP addresses:
grep "2024-08-16 23:3[9-9]|2024-08-16 23:4[0-3]" /var/log/syslog | awk '{print $8}' | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr
* Explanation:
* awk '{print $8}': Extracts the field where IP addresses typically appear.
* sort | uniq -c: Counts unique IPs and sorts them.
Step 5: Analyze the Output
Sample Output:
15 192.168.1.10
8 192.168.1.20
3 192.168.1.30
* The IP with themost log entrieswithin the specified timeframe is usually thetargeted host.
* Most likely targeted IP:
192.168.1.10
* If the log contains specific attack patterns (likebrute force,exploitation, orunauthorized access), prioritize IPs associated with those activities.
Step 6: Validate the Findings
6.1: Cross-Reference with the Threat Bulletin
* Check if the identified IP matches anyIoCslisted in theCCOA Threat Bulletin.pdf.
* Look for context likeattack vectorsortargeted systems.
Step 7: Report the Findings
Summary:
* Time Frame:11:39 PM to 11:43 PM on August 16, 2024
* Targeted IP:
192.168.1.10
* Evidence:
* Log entries matching the specified timeframe.
* Cross-referenced with theCCOA Threat Bulletin.
Step 8: Incident Response Recommendations
* Block IP addressesidentified as malicious.
* Update firewall rulesto mitigate similar attacks.
* Monitor logsfor any post-compromise activity on the targeted host.
* Conduct a vulnerability scanon the affected system.
Final Answer:
192.168.1.10

NEW QUESTION # 99
......

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